Terms

Data Visualization Types

Term	Description
Area chart	A data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable connected by a continuous line with a filled-in area underneath.
Box plot	A data visualization that displays the distribution of values along an x-axis.
Bubble chart	A data visualization that displays individual data points as bubbles, comparing numeric values by their relative size.
Bullet graph	A data visualization that displays data as a horizontal bar chart moving toward a desired value.
Circle view	A data visualization that shows comparative strength in data.
Column chart	A data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable, represented as vertical columns.
Combo chart	A data visualization that combines more than one visualization type.
Density map	A data visualization that represents concentrations, with color representing the number or frequency of data points in a given area on a map.
Distribution graph	A data visualization that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample.
Donut chart	A data visualization where segments of a ring represent data values adding up to a whole.
Filled map	A data visualization that colors areas in a map based on measurements or dimensions.
Gantt chart	A data visualization that displays the duration of events or activities on a timeline.
Gauge chart	A data visualization that shows a single result within a progressive range of values.
Highlight table	A data visualization that uses conditional formatting and color on a table.
Packed bubble chart	A data visualization that displays data in clustered circles.
Symbol map	A data visualization that displays a mark over a given longitude and latitude.
Heat map	A data visualization that uses color contrast to compare categories in a dataset.
Histogram	A data visualization that shows how often data values fall into certain ranges.
Line graph	A data visualization that uses one or more lines to display shifts or changes in data over time.
Pie chart	A data visualization that uses segments of a circle to represent the proportions of each data category compared to the whole.
Pivot chart	A chart created from the fields in a pivot table.
Scatterplot	A data visualization that represents relationships between different variables with individual data points without a connecting line.

Database and SQL Concepts

Term	Description
CASE	A SQL statement that returns records that meet conditions by including an if/then statement in a query.
CAST	A SQL function that converts data from one datatype to another.
COUNT	A spreadsheet function that counts the number of cells in a range.
COUNTA	A spreadsheet function that counts the total number of values within a range that meet specified criteria.
COUNTIF	A spreadsheet function that returns the number of cells in a range that match a specified value.
COUNT DISTINCT	A SQL function that only returns the distinct values in a specified range.
CREATE TABLE	A SQL clause that adds a temporary table to a database that can be used by multiple people.
DROP TABLE	A SQL clause that removes a temporary table from a database.
GROUP BY	A SQL clause that groups rows that have the same values from a table into summary rows.
INNER JOIN	A SQL function that returns records with matching values in both tables.
JOIN	A SQL function that is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column.
LEFT JOIN	A SQL function that will return all the records from the left table and only the matching records from the right table.
RIGHT JOIN	A SQL function that will return all records from the right table and only the matching records from the left.
OUTER JOIN	A SQL function that combines RIGHT and LEFT JOIN to return all matching records in both tables.
SELECT	The section of a query that indicates from which column (s) to extract the data.
SELECT INTO	A SQL clause that copies data from one table into a temporary table without adding the new table to the database.
WHERE	The section of a query that specifies criteria that the requested data must meet.

Statistical and Mathematical Concepts

Term	Description
AVERAGE	A spreadsheet function that returns an average of the values from a selected range.
AVERAGEIF	A spreadsheet function that returns the average of all cell values from a given range that meet a specified condition.
CORRELATION	The measure of the degree to which two variables change in relationship to each other.
CONFIDENCE INTERVAL	A range of values that conveys how likely a statistical estimate reflects the population.
CONFIDENCE LEVEL	The probability that a sample size accurately reflects the greater population.
COUNT	A spreadsheet function that counts the number of cells in a range.
COUNTA	A spreadsheet function that counts the total number of values within a range that meet specified criteria.
COUNTIF	A spreadsheet function that returns the number of cells in a range that match a specified value.
COUNT DISTINCT	A SQL function that only returns the distinct values in a specified range.
MAX	A function that returns the largest numeric value from a range of cells.
MIN	A spreadsheet function that returns the smallest numeric value from a range of cells.
SUM	A function that adds the values of a selected range of cells.
SUMIF	A spreadsheet function that adds numeric data based on one condition.
SUMPRODUCT	A function that multiplies arrays and returns the sum of those products.

Data Management and Analysis Terms

Term	Description
Data aggregation	The process of gathering data from multiple sources and combining it into a single, summarized collection.
Data analysis	The collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision-making.
Data analyst	Someone who collects, transforms, and organizes data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision-making.
Data analytics	The science of data.
Data anonymization	The process of protecting people's private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information.
Data bias	When a preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing systematically skews data analysis results in a certain direction.
Data design	How information is organized.
Data-driven decision-making	Using facts to guide business strategy.
Data ecosystem	The various elements that interact with one another in order to produce, manage, store, organize, analyze, and share data.
Data governance	A process for ensuring the formal management of a company’s data assets.
Data integrity	The accuracy, completeness, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its lifecycle.
Data interoperability	The ability to integrate data from multiple sources and a key factor leading to the successful use of open data among companies and governments.
Data life cycle	The sequence of stages that data experiences, which include plan, capture, manage, analyze, archive, and destroy.
Data mapping	The process of matching fields from one data source to another.
Data merging	The process of combining two or more datasets into a single dataset.
Data model	A tool for organizing data elements and how they relate to one another.
Data privacy	Preserving a data subject’s information any time a data transaction occurs.
Data replication	The process of storing data in multiple locations.
Data security	Protecting data from unauthorized access or corruption by adopting safety measures.
Data strategy	The management of the people, processes, and tools used in data analysis.
Data transfer	The process of copying data from a storage device to computer memory or from one computer to another.
Data validation	A tool for checking the accuracy and quality of data.
Data visualization	The graphical representation of data.
Database	A collection of data stored in a computer system.
Dataset	A collection of data that can be manipulated or analyzed as one unit.